Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-13 (of 13 Records) |
Query Trace: Schilling K[original query] |
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A cluster randomized trial of the impact of education through listening (a novel behavior change technique) on household water treatment with chlorine in Vihiga District, Kenya, 2010-2011
Stauber CE , Person B , Otieno R , Oremo J , Schilling K , Hayat MJ , Ayers T , Quick R . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020 104 (1) 382-390 Despite multiple studies demonstrating the effectiveness of household water treatment with chlorine in disinfecting water and preventing diarrhea, social marketing of this intervention in low- and middle-income countries has resulted in only modest uptake. In a cluster randomized trial in Vihiga district, western Kenya, we compared uptake of household water treatment with chlorine among six villages served by community vendors trained in standard social marketing plus education through listening (ETL), an innovative behavior change method, and six villages served by community vendors trained in standard social marketing only. Water treatment uptake, water quality, and childhood diarrhea were measured over 6 months and compared between the two groups of villages. During the 6-month period, we found no association between ETL exposure and reported and confirmed household water treatment with chlorine. In both groups (ETL and comparison), reported use of water treatment was low and did not change during our 6-month follow-up. However, persons confirmed to have chlorinated water had improved bacteriologic water quality. Study findings suggest that ETL implementation was suboptimal, which, along with unexpected changes in the supply and price of chlorine, may have prevented an accurate assessment of the potential impact of ETL on water treatment behavior. Taken together, these observations exemplify the complexities of habits, practices, attitudes, and external factors that can create challenging conditions for implementing behavioral interventions. As a consequence, in this trial, ETL had no measurable impact on water treatment behavior. |
Water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics among HIV-positive households participating in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study in Rural Western Kenya, 2008-2012
Schilling KA , Awuor AO , Rajasingham A , Moke F , Omore R , Amollo M , Farag TH , Nasrin D , Nataro JP , Kotloff KL , Levine MM , Ayers T , Laserson K , Blackstock A , Rothenberg R , Stauber CE , Mintz ED , Breiman RF , O'Reilly CE . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018 99 (4) 905-915 Diarrheal illness, a common occurrence among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), is largely preventable through access to safe drinking water quality, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities. We examined WASH characteristics among households with and without HIV-positive residents enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in rural Western Kenya. Using univariable logistic regression, we examined differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative households in regard to WASH practices. Among HIV-positive households, we explored the relationship between the length of time knowing their HIV status and GEMS enrollment. No statistically significant differences were apparent in the WASH characteristics among HIV-positive and HIV-negative households. However, we found differences in the WASH characteristics among HIV-positive households who were aware of their HIV status >/= 30 days before enrollment compared with HIV-positive households who found out their status < 30 days before enrollment or thereafter. Significantly more households aware of their HIV-positive status before enrollment reported treating their drinking water (odds ratio [OR] confidence interval [CI]: 2.34 [1.12, 4.86]) and using effective water treatment methods (OR [CI]: 9.6 [3.09, 29.86]), and had better drinking water storage practices. This suggests that within this region of Kenya, HIV programs are effective in promoting the importance of practicing positive WASH-related behaviors among PLHIV. |
A 5-step land reuse and redevelopment model: Resources to spur local initiatives
Berman L , Ballogg M , Erdal S . J Environ Health 2019 81 (6) 36-38 People who live near, or access land reuse sites such as brownfields1 often experience disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution, which can result in poor health outcomes, including higher rates of chronic disease; toxic exposures (e.g., mercury or lead based paint) that result in adverse health effects; and cancer (Massey. 2004), (New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Seivices. 2007), (DeLeon & Schilling, Urban Blight and Public Health, 2017). To address health risks and exposures related to land reuse sites, for over a decade, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) internally integrated a public health model in land reuse and redevelopment, the 5-step Land Reuse Strategy to Safely Reuse Land and Improve Health (5-step Land Reuse Model). | | In June 2015, ATSDR introduced the 5-step Land Reuse Model during a 3-day training facilitated by the American Public Health Association. The purpose of the training was to introduce the ATSDR 5-Step Land Reuse Model as a national model that could expand resources for health-focused land reuse at the local level. |
Clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics associated with Cryptosporidium infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008-2012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)
Delahoy MJ , Omore R , Ayers TL , Schilling KA , Blackstock AJ , Ochieng JB , Moke F , Jaron P , Awuor A , Okonji C , Juma J , Farag TH , Nasrin D , Panchalingam S , Nataro JP , Kotloff KL , Levine MM , Oundo J , Roellig DM , Xiao L , Parsons MB , Laserson K , Mintz ED , Breiman RF , O'Reilly CE . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 12 (7) e0006640 BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in young children in Africa. We examined factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in MSD cases enrolled at the rural western Kenya Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) site from 2008-2012. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: At health facility enrollment, stool samples were tested for enteric pathogens and data on clinical, environmental, and behavioral characteristics collected. Each child's health status was recorded at 60-day follow-up. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Of the 1,778 children with MSD enrolled as cases in the GEMS-Kenya case-control study, 11% had Cryptosporidium detected in stool by enzyme immunoassay; in a genotyped subset, 81% were C. hominis. Among MSD cases, being an infant, having mucus in stool, and having prolonged/persistent duration diarrhea were associated with being Cryptosporidium-positive. Both boiling drinking water and using rainwater as the main drinking water source were protective factors for being Cryptosporidium-positive. At follow-up, Cryptosporidium-positive cases had increased odds of being stunted (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.06-2.57), underweight (aOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.34-3.22), or wasted (aOR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.21-3.43), and had significantly larger negative changes in height- and weight-for-age z-scores from enrollment. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Cryptosporidium contributes significantly to diarrheal illness in young children in western Kenya. Advances in point of care detection, prevention/control approaches, effective water treatment technologies, and clinical management options for children with cryptosporidiosis are needed. |
Integrating household water treatment, hand washing, and insecticide-treated bed nets into pediatric HIV care in Mombasa, Kenya: Impact on diarrhea and malaria risk
Sugar NR , Schilling KA , Kim S , Ahmed A , Muyanga DN , Sivapalasingam S , Quick R . J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017 76 (3) 266-272 INTRODUCTION: In developing countries, HIV-infected children are at higher risk for morbidity and mortality from opportunistic infections than HIV-uninfected children. To address this problem, the Healthy Living Initiative (HLI) in Mombasa, Kenya distributed basic care packages (BCPs) containing improved water storage vessels, water treatment solution, soap, and insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) to prevent diarrhea and malaria in children, and had community health workers (CHWs) make bimonthly home visits to encourage adherence with HLI interventions and antiretroviral medicine use. METHODS: To evaluate HLI, we enrolled 500 HIV-infected children from Bomu Hospital. In the implementation phase, from February-August 2011, we conducted surveys of caregivers, then provided free BCPs. In the evaluation phase, from September 2011-August 2012, CHWs recorded observations of BCP use during home visits. We abstracted hospital data to compare diarrhea and malaria episodes, and pharmacy data on antiretrovirals (ARVs) dispensed, between the 12-month pre-implementation baseline phase (February 2010-January 2011) and the evaluation phase. RESULTS: The retention rate of children in HLI was 78.4%. In a multivariable logistic regression model adjusting for demographic characteristics, number of CHW home visits, distance to clinic, orphan status, and number of ARVs dispensed, children in HLI had 71 % lower risk of diarrhea (relative risk [RR] 0.29, p<0.001) and 87% lower risk of malaria (RR 0.13, p=0.001) during the evaluation phase than the baseline phase; there was no independent association between ARV use and illness. CONCLUSION: HIV-infected children in HLI were less likely to experience diarrhea and malaria during the evaluation phase than the baseline phase.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. |
Factors associated with the duration of moderate-to-severe diarrhea among children in rural western Kenya enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, 2008-2012
Schilling KA , Omore R , Derado G , Ayers T , Ochieng JB , Farag TH , Nasrin D , Panchalingam S , Nataro JP , Kotloff KL , Levine MM , Oundo J , Parsons MB , Bopp C , Laserson K , Stauber CE , Rothenberg R , Breiman RF , O'Reilly CE , Mintz ED . Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017 97 (1) 248-258 Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of death among young children worldwide. As rates of acute diarrhea (AD; 1-6 days duration) have decreased, persistent diarrhea (PD; > 14 days duration) accounts for a greater proportion of the diarrheal disease burden. We describe factors associated with the duration of moderate-to-severe diarrhea in Kenyan children < 5 years old enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. We found 587 (58%) children experienced AD, 360 (35%) had prolonged acute diarrhea (ProAD; 7-13 days duration), and 73 (7%) had PD. We constructed a Cox proportional hazards model to identify factors associated with diarrheal duration. Risk factors independently associated with longer diarrheal duration included infection with Cryptosporidium (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.868, P = 0.035), using an unimproved drinking water source (HR: 0.87, P = 0.035), and being stunted at enrollment (HR: 0.026, P < 0.0001). Diarrheal illness of extended duration appears to be multifactorial; given its association with adverse health and development outcomes, effective strategies should be implemented to reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal illness. Effective treatments for Cryptosporidium should be identified, interventions to improve drinking water are imperative, and nutrition should be improved through exclusive breastfeeding in infants ≤ 6 months and appropriate continued feeding practices for ill children. |
Evaluation of student handwashing practices during a school-based hygiene program in rural western Kenya, 2007
La Con G , Schilling K , Harris J , Person B , Owuor M , Ogange L , Faith S , Quick R . Int Q Community Health Educ 2017 37 (2) 121-128 Unsafe drinking water and inadequate handwashing facilities in primary schools increase the risk of absenteeism due to diarrhea and respiratory infections. To mitigate these risks, we provided 28 schools in rural Western Kenya with handwashing and drinking water stations (containers with lids and taps on metal stands), bleach for water treatment, soap for handwashing, and educational materials. We observed the use of the water stations and assessed teachers' attitudes toward the intervention. Of 151 total handwashing stations, 69 (59%) were observed to have soap and water and treated drinking water 4 months after implementation; observations of pupils showed an increase in handwashing behavior in water stations located < 10 m, as compared with those >10 m, from latrines ( p < .02). In focus groups, teachers reported improved cleanliness and decreased illness in pupils. Teacher training and installation of water stations resulted in observed improvements in pupils' hygiene, particularly when water stations were located <10 m from latrines. |
Epidemiology, seasonality and factors associated with rotavirus infection among children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in rural western Kenya, 2008-2012: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS)
Omore R , Tate JE , O'Reilly CE , Ayers T , Williamson J , Moke F , Schilling KA , Awuor AO , Jaron P , Ochieng JB , Oundo J , Parashar UD , Parsons MB , Bopp CC , Nasrin D , Farag TH , Kotloff KL , Nataro JP , Panchalingam S , Levine MM , Laserson KF , Nuorti JP , Mintz ED , Breiman RF . PLoS One 2016 11 (8) e0160060 OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with rotavirus diarrhea and to describe severity of illness among children <5 years old with non-dysenteric, moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in rural western Kenya. METHODS: We analyzed data from children <5 years old with non-dysenteric MSD enrolled as cases in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) in Kenya. A non-dysenteric MSD case was defined as a child with ≥3 loose stools in 24 hrs. and one or more of the following: sunken eyes, skin tenting, intravenous rehydration, or hospitalization, who sought care at a sentinel health center within 7 days of illness onset. Rotavirus antigens in stool samples were detected by ELISA. Demographic and clinical information was collected at enrollment and during a single follow-up home visit at approximately 60 days. We analyzed diarrhea severity using a GEMS 17 point numerical scoring system adapted from the Vesikari score. We used logistic regression to evaluate factors associated with rotavirus infection. RESULTS: From January 31, 2008 to September 30, 2012, among 1,637 (92%) non-dysenteric MSD cases, rotavirus was detected in stools of 245 (15.0%). Rotavirus-positive compared with negative cases were: younger (median age, 8 vs. 13 months; p<0.0001), had more severe illness (median severity score, 9 vs 8; p<0.0001) and had to be hospitalized more frequently (37/245 [15.1%] vs. 134/1,392 [9.6%]), p <0.013). Independent factors associated with rotavirus infection included age 0-11 months old (aOR = 5.29, 95% CI 3.14-8.89) and presenting with vomiting ≥3 times/24hrs (aOR = 2.58, 95% CI [1.91-3.48]). Rotavirus was detected more commonly in warm and dry months than in the cool and rainy months (142/691 [20%] vs 70/673 [10%]) p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea caused by rotavirus is associated with severe symptoms leading to hospitalization. Consistent with other settings, infants had the greatest burden of disease. |
Diarrheal illness among US residents providing medical services in Haiti during the cholera epidemic, 2010 to 2011
Schilling KA , Cartwright EJ , Stamper J , Locke M , Esposito DH , Balaban V , Mintz E . J Travel Med 2014 21 (1) 55-7 Although nosocomial transmission of cholera is rare, two US healthcare workers (HCW) became ill with cholera after providing medical services during the Haiti cholera epidemic. To assess the incidence of diarrheal illness and explore preventive health behaviors practiced by US residents who provided medical services in Haiti, we conducted a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey. We e-mailed 896 participants from 50 US-based, health-focused non-governmental organizations (NGOs), of whom 381 (43%) completed the survey. Fifty-six percent of respondents (n = 215) reported providing some care for patients with cholera. Diarrhea was reported by 31 (8%) respondents. One person was diagnosed with cholera by serologic testing. NGOs responding to international emergencies should ensure ample access to basic hygiene supplies and should promote their use to reduce the incidence of diarrheal illness among HCW working overseas. |
The challenge of promoting interventions to prevent disease in impoverished populations in rural western Kenya
Schilling K , Person B , Faith SH , Otieno R , Quick R . Am J Public Health 2013 103 (12) 2131-5 Poverty is a critical social determinant of health. A particular approach toward mitigating inequitable access to health services in Kenya has been through a community-based distribution program implemented by the Safe Water and AIDS Project (SWAP) that has achieved modest uptake of public health interventions. To explore reasons for modest uptake, we asked program participants about child health problems, daily tasks, household expenditures, and services needed by their communities. Respondents identified child health problems consistent with health data and reported daily tasks, expenses, and needed services that were more related to basic needs of life other than health. These findings highlight the challenges of implementing potentially self-sustaining preventive interventions at scale in poor populations in the developing world. |
Comprehensive research synopsis and systematic meta-analyses in Parkinson's disease genetics: The PDGene database.
Lill CM , Roehr JT , McQueen MB , Kavvoura FK , Bagade S , Schjeide BM , Schjeide LM , Meissner E , Zauft U , Allen NC , Liu T , Schilling M , Anderson KJ , Beecham G , Berg D , Biernacka JM , Brice A , DeStefano AL , Do CB , Eriksson N , Factor SA , Farrer MJ , Foroud T , Gasser T , Hamza T , Hardy JA , Heutink P , Hill-Burns EM , Klein C , Latourelle JC , Maraganore DM , Martin ER , Martinez M , Myers RH , Nalls MA , Pankratz N , Payami H , Satake W , Scott WK , Sharma M , Singleton AB , Stefansson K , Toda T , Tung JY , Vance J , Wood NW , Zabetian CP , Young P , Tanzi RE , Khoury MJ , Zipp F , Lehrach H , Ioannidis JP , Bertram L . PLoS Genet 2012 8 (3) e1002548 More than 800 published genetic association studies have implicated dozens of potential risk loci in Parkinson's disease (PD). To facilitate the interpretation of these findings, we have created a dedicated online resource, PDGene, that comprehensively collects and meta-analyzes all published studies in the field. A systematic literature screen of ~27,000 articles yielded 828 eligible articles from which relevant data were extracted. In addition, individual-level data from three publicly available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were obtained and subjected to genotype imputation and analysis. Overall, we performed meta-analyses on more than seven million polymorphisms originating either from GWAS datasets and/or from smaller scale PD association studies. Meta-analyses on 147 SNPs were supplemented by unpublished GWAS data from up to 16,452 PD cases and 48,810 controls. Eleven loci showed genome-wide significant (P < 5 x 10(-8)) association with disease risk: BST1, CCDC62/HIP1R, DGKQ/GAK, GBA, LRRK2, MAPT, MCCC1/LAMP3, PARK16, SNCA, STK39, and SYT11/RAB25. In addition, we identified novel evidence for genome-wide significant association with a polymorphism in ITGA8 (rs7077361, OR 0.88, P = 1.3 x 10(-8)). All meta-analysis results are freely available on a dedicated online database (www.pdgene.org), which is cross-linked with a customized track on the UCSC Genome Browser. Our study provides an exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the status of PD genetics research that can be readily scaled to include the results of future large-scale genetics projects, including next-generation sequencing studies. |
Foodborne outbreaks of shigellosis in the USA, 1998-2008
Nygren BL , Schilling KA , Blanton EM , Silk BJ , Cole DJ , Mintz ED . Epidemiol Infect 2012 141 (2) 1-9 SUMMARY: We examined reported outbreaks of foodborne shigellosis in the USA from 1998 to 2008 and summarized demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 120 confirmed outbreaks resulting in 6208 illnesses. Most reported foodborne shigellosis outbreaks (n=70, 58%) and outbreak-associated illnesses (n=3383, 54%) were restaurant-associated. The largest outbreaks were associated with commercially prepared foods distributed in multiple states and foods prepared in institutional settings. Foods commonly consumed raw were implicated in 29 (24%) outbreaks and infected food handlers in 28 (23%) outbreaks. Most outbreaks (n=86, 72%) were caused by Shigella sonnei. Targeted efforts to reduce contamination during food handling at multiple points in the food processing and distribution system, including food preparation in restaurants and institutional settings, could prevent many foodborne disease outbreaks and outbreak-related illnesses including those due to Shigella. |
Cholera prevention training materials for community health workers, Haiti, 2010-2011
Rajasingham A , Bowen A , O'Reilly C , Sholtes K , Schilling K , Hough C , Brunkard J , Domercant JW , Lerebours G , Cadet J , Quick R , Person B . Emerg Infect Dis 2011 17 (11) 2162-2165 Stopping the spread of the cholera epidemic in Haiti required engaging community health workers (CHWs) in prevention and treatment activities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated with the Haitian Ministry of Public Health and Population to develop CHW educational materials, train >1,100 CHWs, and evaluate training efforts. |
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